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Brazil: Fear and misinformation dominate discourses of Brazilian right
YouTube Pushing Pro-Bolsonaro Content To Brazilians, Study Finds
Wednesday 21 September 2022, by
Fear and misinformation dominate discourses of Brazilian right
In the lead-up to the general elections in Brazil, the far-right has intensified its campaign of hysteria and fear-mongering instead of providing concrete solutions to the crises affecting the people
September 13, 2022
by Zoe Alexandra
Bolsonaro supporters on September 7 in São Paulo. Photo: Junior Lima
Brazil is less than a month away from historic elections. Over 156 million Brazilians will go to the polls on October 2 to cast their vote for the president of the republic, State governors, 27 senators, 513 federal deputies, and State and district deputies. The elections take place amid an acute political, economic, and social crisis in the country. The past several years have seen a dramatic increase in hunger, homelessness, unemployment, and the prices of basic commodities. The currency, the Real, has tumbled. Above all, the colossal number of deaths due to COVID-19 continues to cast a shadow on the lives of millions.
Despite this moment of national crisis, the far-right candidate in the elections, President Jair Bolsonaro, has dedicated much of his campaign to sowing divisive, angry, and hateful rhetoric.
This messaging was on display in the massive right-wing protests organized by Bolsonaro supporters in Brasília, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro on September 7, the 200th anniversary of Brazil’s independence from Portugal. In response to a call made by Bolsonaro himself, tens of thousands of his supporters took to the streets donning green and yellow clothing and Brazilian flags.
More than a celebration of the country’s independence, the mobilizations were focused on mobilizing support for Bolsonaro as well as for other right-wing congressional candidates in the upcoming elections. The mobilization in Rio de Janeiro is already being investigated by the Public Prosecutor’s office for having used public funds meant for the celebration of Independence Day for political campaigning. In addition, Bolsonaro and his allies have been criticized for their speeches that contained not only open calls for violence and misinformation that has already been debunked, but also threats to subvert the democratic order and break electoral law.
“Military intervention, NOW!”
Bolsonaro’s supporters for the past several years have been calling for the Armed Forces of Brazil to intervene against “corrupt” institutions, largely of the judicial branch, to “save” Brazil. The September 7 rallies saw thousands of people raise slogans and hold banners demanding “MILITARY INTERVENTION NOW!” and “purge of the STF [Supreme Federal Court]!”
Military intervention, NOW! Photo: Zoe Alexandra
Where does this call for a military ‘self-coup’ come from?
Despite having won the presidential elections in October 2018, Bolsonaro alleged that he was robbed of a first round victory because Brazil’s electronic voting system allowed for the manipulation of results. Since then, his criticisms of the electronic voting system have only intensified and he has time and again demanded a return to paper ballots. It is important to note that both the allegations of fraud and about the electronic voting system have been debunked.
The problem for Bolsonaro is that the electoral system is under the power of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE). The TSE is part of the judicial branch and is composed of seven ministers, three of whom are from Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court (STF). Bolsonaro has tried to pressure the TSE and STF to enact his desired changes, but they have defended the current system. In response, he has called for and attempted to disband the current TSE and STF.
“We want the closing of the Supreme Court”. Photo: Zoe Alexandra
In February 2021, Daniel Silveira, a far-right, Bolsonarist, ex-military policy officer, and federal deputy, was arrested and put in prison after publishing a video with threats against the TSE and the STF and statements defending the AI-5 decree of the last military dictatorship which tore down the constitution. His arrest warrant was issued by Alexandre De Moraes, president of the STF, and upheld in a unanimous vote by the 11 members of the STF. This action further angered Bolsonaro and his supporters, with the president issuing a pardon to get him out of prison.
The STF has provoked the ire of Bolsonaro and his supporters for numerous other actions. At the beginning of the pandemic, Bolsonaro attempted to restrict local government officials from implementing isolation policies with a presidential order, but the STF ruled against it, allowing State governors to have autonomy from the executive to implement stricter COVID-19 policies. The judicial body has also investigated him and his sons for violations of the law, including sharing fake news about the voting system and spreading false information about COVID-19 medication.
Save Brazil from communism?
The promise to “save Brazil from communism” is a major talking point of Bolsonaro and the dozens of far-right candidates standing for Congress and local government seats. This rhetoric is far from new. In recent election campaigns in countries across Latin America and the Caribbean, this slogan is often accompanied by “so we don’t become like the leftist dictatorships of (insert Venezuela, Nicaragua or Cuba).” In Brazil, Argentina is also widely used as a cautionary tale. Bolsonaro, as well as his colleagues and supporters, describe these countries as lawless, economically devastated and lacking morals, amongst other charges.
Anti-communist signs and slogans were omnipresent at the Bolsonaro rally on September 7. Photo: Zoe Alexandra
However, little attention is paid to the current situation in Brazil which has seen tremendous setbacks in the past several years under the governments of neoliberal conservative Michel Temer and far-right neoliberal Bolsonaro.
Under Bolsonaro’s administration, the program Bolsa Familia, recognized internationally by the United Nations and the World Bank for its success in combating poverty and taking Brazil off of the UN’s hunger map, was ended. In its place, his administration implemented significantly less-funded and limited programs, Auxílio Brasil and Alimentar Brasil.
The results are palpable and devastating. According to the 2nd National Survey on Food Insecurity in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil published in June 2022, 33 million Brazilians are hungry, which is the highest number recorded in the last 30 years. Nearly 125 million people are suffering from some level of food insecurity. This is an increase of 60% since 2018.
The Brazilian currency, the real, has devalued by 37.5%, with USD 1 equivalent to 5.2 reals in 2022, compared to an average of at 1.95 reals to 1 USD in 2012. Over the past 12 months, Brazil has seen over 8% rate of inflation in items of basic consumption. Furthermore, according to a study by the Institute of Teaching and Research (Insper), the real has lost 50% of its purchasing power over the past 10 years.
The homeless population in Brazil has also increased by leaps and bounds in this same period. A study by the Institute of Applied Economic Research showed that this population increased by 140% between September 2012 and March 2020. They estimate that in March 2020, there were 221,000 people living on the streets in the country and that this number would increase. 70% of this population works in some capacity and 67% of them are Black.
Is it really communism that Brazil needs saving from?
God, homeland, family, freedom
The slogan “god, homeland, family, freedom” can be heard in almost every speech made by Bolsonaro as well as by Bolsonarist candidates and supporters. The appeal to return to these “traditional values” is one of his key messages, and part of his widespread appeal to more socially conservative sectors of Brazilian society such as Evangelicals and other Christian groups.
“We support Bolsonaro. God, homeland, and family”. Photo: Zoe Alexandra
The slogan itself has roots in a multitude of far-right, Christian movements in Brazil’s history including the fascist Free Brazil Association, the Tradition Family Property movement, Brazilian Integralist Action parties, and others. In 2022, this slogan can be seen as a response to the expansion of the rights of oppressed groups such as women and LGBTQI+ people. It is often accompanied by diatribes against the right to abortion, the right to same-sex marriage, and the minimal rights and recognition won by transgender people. For Bolsonarists, all these developments mark the ‘degradation’ of society and a violation of these ‘traditional values.’
As elections draw nearer, these messages only intensify and multiply. They fuel fake news campaigns on social media and troll attacks on opponents. Instead of focusing on the real issues facing the Brazilian people and solutions to resolve them, the far-right has appealed to the broad discontent of the population and fed them hatred and fear.
Movements fight for the excluded
Meanwhile, people’s movements in Brazil have doubled down on their efforts to support and protect vulnerable populations in Brazil that have been most affected by this crisis. The examples are boundless. On Sunday September 11, after a Bolsonaro supporter publicly humiliated a woman by threatening to cut off her food assistance because she supports Lula, the Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST) vowed to provide her with food produced by the movement for the next six months.
On September 7, movements in Brazil organized the “Cry of the Excluded” to draw attention to the incomplete nature of independence and the historic inequities that exist within the country. This year, movements organized mass food distribution drives and emphasized their demand that the government guarantee access to housing, food, and healthcare for all.
On September 7 in Cascavel, Paraná, the MST organized a food drive solidarity action and distributed agroecological food produced at their encampments and settlements. Photo: Comunicação MST oeste
In a symbolic action at the Independence Monument organized by the MST, Popular Youth Uprising, and People’s Brazil Movement, militants held up banners reading “For a people’s independence” and “Democracy always – #OutBolsonaro”. One of the participants, Renata Menezes of the youth of the MST, declared, “It is only possible to be a sovereign country if we direct our destiny towards the well-being of all Brazilian people. We will only be independent if we build a sovereign project for the people in our country.”
Independence Museum in São Paulo on September 7. Photo: Emily Firmino/Guilherme Gandolfi/Junior Lima
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YouTube Pushing Pro-Bolsonaro Content To Brazilians, Study Finds
By Brasil Wire.
September 13, 2022
With the 2022 election only weeks away, YouTube, owned by US tech giant Google, has been found to be favouring pro-Bolsonaro videos in its recommendations to users in a damning new study.
The videos include conspiracy theories and attacks on the electoral process.
Folha de São Paulo reports that the YouTube algorithm has found to be giving prominence to videos in favor of President Jair Bolsonaro (PL) in its recommendations. The findings were published by NetLab, a special unit at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
According to opinion polls, Bolsonaro is on course to lose the coming election, after a catastrophic first term, and the far-right president and his military dominated government has attempted to cast doubt on the electoral process itself, as a means to remain in power. The UFRG study finds he is being aided in this by YouTube, owned by US tech giant Google.
It is not the first time the company has faced criticism for apparent political interference in Brazil. In recent years it was discovered that Google/YouTube had been coaching social media influencers on how to monetise right-wing content on the platform, and 12 extreme-right channels publishing anti-democratic content were found to have received R$5.6 million reais over 2 years.
YouTube had earlier been central to the propaganda campaign underpinning the 2016 removal of Dilma Rousseff, and the US-orchestrated anti-corruption operation Lava Jato which underpinned it, which then jailed frontrunner Lula, handing the 2018 election to Bolsonaro.
Given Google’s position as a tool of US foreign policy, the latest revelations are all the more disturbing. Although the Biden administration has sought to distance itself publicly from the far-right Trump ally’s anti-democratic discourse, it has sent multiple delegations to liase with the Bolsonaro government in recent months.
Bolsonarista Propaganda
The objective of NetLab’s survey was to identify which channels and news content was being given high visibility by the YouTube recommendation algorithm during the period from August 23 to 30.
For the experiment, NetLab created 18 new profiles, which accessed the platform on different dates and times using an incognito browser tab and VPN, a tool that hid the user’s true IP address and simulated a random geographic location within Brazil for each test. .
Thus, the user had no history of interaction with certain content that could feed the algorithm and influence recommendations. Even without likes or views on right-wing channels, YouTube recommended Jovem Pan and pro-Bolsonaro videos most of the time.
In the new study, across 18 test visits to the platform, channels belonging to right wing media group Jovem Pan (nicknamed “Jovem Klan” by Brazilian progressives) were indicated 14 times on the YouTube homepage, with one or more suggested videos. The most recommended to users was Jair Bolsonaro’s appearance in the JP show Pânico, on August 26.
The Bolsonaro interview was recommended in eight test visits, in five different versions, which together add up to 9.6 million views. In the video, the president makes baseless claims about the electoral process, such as that the Armed Forces have discovered “hundreds of vulnerabilities” in electronic voting machines.
Content from Jovem Pan appeared as the first recommendation in 55% of visits (10 out of 18), well ahead of other news channels.
Some of the Jovem Pan videos suggested presented election frontrunner Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) as a “gang leader” and “mentally ill”, some claimed the election polls are false and Bolsonaro is really ahead, and that the STF (Federal Supreme Court) has an alliance with the former president.
“It is very serious that YouTube, a platform with more than 130 million users in Brazil, privileges a media vehicle in its recommendation system, in the face of so many other sources. Even more so because [Jovem Pan] is a hyper-partisan vehicle, clearly bolsonarista, which does not give isonomy to candidates”, says Marie Santini, director of Netlab.
“This situation creates an imbalance in the elections, it advertises with the use of the algorithm, as the recommendation is a form of content moderation.”
YouTube: “No comment”
YouTube claims it did not have access to the survey and therefore would not comment on the results.
Although YouTube has announced an initiative in which it says it recommends “informational content from reliable and plural sources about the elections”, Jovem Pan has 13 content labeled as “false” by Brazil’s main checking agencies Lupa, Aos Fatos and Projeto Comprova.
“Jovem Pan is often identified as disseminating disinformation. YouTube needs to open the black box of the recommendation algorithm, show how it works, what are the recommendation criteria used to understand what is happening”, says Santini.
Extremist content or conspiracy theories, which arouse strong emotions, such as revolt or anger, generate more engagement and are generally amplified by social media algorithms.
YouTube and WhatsApp are the platforms that most concern the TSE (Superior Electoral Court) at present. The messaging application has been a particular worry due to the speed of rumors going viral, despite the forwarding restriction mechanisms implemented by the company. Such WhatsApp disinformation was central to Bolsonaro’s electoral success in 2018.
Several meetings have been held between TSE members and YouTube representatives due to the proliferation of videos containing false allegations about the electoral process, and pro-coup content.
